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McCutcheon v. FEC
''McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission'', , was a landmark campaign finance case before the United States Supreme Court challenging Section 441 of the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA), which imposed a biennial aggregate limit on individual contributions to national party and federal candidate committees.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=McCutcheon, et al. v. FEC Case Summary )〕
The case was argued before the Supreme Court on October 8, 2013,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES OCTOBER TERM 2013 )〕 being brought on appeal after the United States District Court for the District of Columbia dismissed the challenge. It was decided on April 2, 2014, by a 5–4 vote,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=McCutcheon, et al. v. FEC (Slip Opinion) )〕 reversing the decision below and remanding. Justices Roberts, Scalia, Kennedy, and Alito invalidated aggregate contribution limits as violating the First Amendment. Justice Thomas provided the necessary fifth vote, but concurred separately in the judgment while arguing that all contribution limits are unconstitutional.
== Background ==
The Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) was first passed in 1971.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Federal Election Campaign Laws:A Short History )〕 Amendments to FECA in 1974, after the Watergate Scandal, imposed aggregate limits on the direct contributions that individuals can make to national political parties and federal candidates in a calendar year. The constitutionality of the FECA amendments was challenged in 1976, which resulted in the court upholding the aggregate limits in ''Buckley v. Valeo''. In 2002, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) was passed. The BCRA revised the aggregate limits, adjusted them to future (but not past) inflation, and changed the individual limitations from annual to biennial; The aggregate contribution ceiling on individuals during the 2011-2012 election cycle stood at $46,200 for federal candidates and $70,800 for national parties, or a $117,000 aggregate limit.
Plaintiff Shaun McCutcheon is a businessman and electrical engineer from suburban Birmingham, Alabama, who is a campaign contributor and self described activist of the Republican Party. The founder and CEO of Coalmont Electrical Development Corporation, McCutcheon began donating to Republican candidates in the late 1990s, and would ultimately join the Jefferson County Republican Party Executive Committee.〔 At a 2011 Young Conservatives Coalition event, McCutcheon met attorney and campaign finance expert Dan Backer, who would play a major role in encouraging McCutcheon to file suit against the FEC. As of September 2012, McCutcheon had given $33,088 to sixteen federal candidates and over $25,000 in non-candidate contributions during the 2011-2012 cycle.〔 McCutcheon intended on donating to an additional twelve federal candidates, bringing his contribution total over the federal aggregate limit on federal candidates. McCutcheon filed suit against the Federal Election Commission (FEC), where he was joined in his lawsuit by the Republican National Committee.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Supreme Court of the United States Shaun McCutcheon and Republican National Committee, Plaintiffs-Appellants v. Federal Election Commission )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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